Understanding a tax assessment
Last updated: October 2026
After your tax return, the tax office (Finanzamt) sends you the tax assessment (Steuerbescheid). At the very top it says whether you get money back or must pay more. Further down are the explanations (Erläuterungen), and you should read them carefully.
Sample letter
Kastanienweg 11
12345 Musterstadt
Bescheid für 2025 über Einkommensteuer und Solidaritätszuschlag
Sehr geehrter Herr Beispiel,
die Steuer wird festgesetzt. Die Berechnung finden Sie auf den folgenden Seiten.
Festgesetzte Einkommensteuer: 3.214,00 €
Abzüglich Steuerabzug vom Lohn: 3.861,00 €
Erstattung: 647,00 €
Der Erstattungsbetrag wird auf das von Ihnen angegebene Konto überwiesen.
Erläuterungen: Die Aufwendungen für Arbeitsmittel konnten nur teilweise berücksichtigt werden, da Nachweise fehlen.
Rechtsbehelfsbelehrung: Der Bescheid kann mit dem Einspruch angefochten werden. Der Einspruch ist beim Finanzamt Musterstadt schriftlich einzureichen, diesem elektronisch zu übermitteln oder dort zur Niederschrift zu erklären. Die Frist für die Einlegung des Einspruchs beträgt einen Monat. Sie beginnt mit Ablauf des Tages, an dem Ihnen der Bescheid bekannt gegeben worden ist.
Mit freundlichen Grüßen
Ihr Finanzamt
Made‑up sender, made‑up names. The letter often looks like this or similar.
What does the letter mean?
The tax office has checked your tax return and calculated how much tax you must pay. In the sample, more was deducted from the wages than necessary. That is why there is a refund.
The tax office does not always accept everything in your return. What it did differently is in the explanations. In the sample, work equipment was only partly accepted.
Sometimes the assessment also sets advance payments (Vorauszahlungen). Then you should pay tax for the current year in advance every quarter. Dates and amounts are in the assessment.
Deadlines
- Objection (Einspruch) within one month after notification. The assessment usually counts as notified a few days after the date in the letter. To be safe, count from the date in the letter. The deadline in your own assessment is what counts.
- If you must pay more, the payment date is in the assessment. If you pay late, late payment surcharges (Säumniszuschläge) can be added.
- Advance payments are usually due on 10 March, 10 June, 10 September and 10 December.
What you can do
- Compare the assessment with your tax return. Above all, read the explanations.
- If proof is missing, you can send it later with an objection within the objection deadline.
- A short objection saying "reasons to follow" (Begründung folgt) keeps the deadline. You can also do this online via ELSTER.
- If you cannot pay a back payment all at once, ask the tax office about instalments or a deferral (Stundung) before the payment date.
- Help is available from a wage tax help association (Lohnsteuerhilfeverein) or a tax adviser.
- Keep the assessment. You often need it for applications, for example for housing benefit (Wohngeld) or loans.
This guide does not replace legal advice. Every letter is different: deadlines and amounts apply as they are written in your letter. If you have questions, an advice centre can help.
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